Upgrade Stylo to 2025-06-03 (#37444)

This continues #36835

Changelog:
- Upstream:
ca369cbc83...7e2201c32c
- Servo fixups:
f387e6396c...2e1f66b068

Stylo tracking issue: https://github.com/servo/stylo/issues/200

---------

Signed-off-by: Oriol Brufau <obrufau@igalia.com>

components/layout/context.rs

@@ -311,6 +311,7 @@ impl LayoutContext<'_> {
                             })
                     })
             },
+            Image::LightDark(..) => unreachable!("light-dark() should be disabled"),
         }
     }
 }